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Women usually cut back their working hours after their first child is born. Indeed, part-time work is highest amongst women with dependent youngsters. However, as proven in Figure 4, women without dependent children additionally often work part-time.

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Usually women do not improve their working hours when their children turn into older. And young women without children often choose not to work full-time after leaving full-time training. Initially, half-time work was in style as a result of it allowed women to combine work and take care of younger children. About forty% of both Dutch women and men think that the household would suffer if the girl would work full-time. This opinion has not modified much during the previous a long time and across generations.

van der Klaauw , “Analyzing female labour provide evidence from a Dutch tax reform”, CEPR Discussion Paper 7337. Evidence from the Dutch labour drive survey ”, IZA Discussion Paper 3367. Finally, there’s the problem of the distribution of family work and paid work inside the household.

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Although half-time work amongst men is larger in the Netherlands than in most other nations, men usually are not expected to scale back their working hours when there are younger youngsters within the family. Apparently tax incentives are better at stimulating participation than growing working hours. The key question is why women do not improve their working hours when it becomes financially more enticing. Only 4% of girls working half-time would like to work fulltime.

More exactly, women slightly reduced their working hours in response to receiving a better after-tax hourly wage. Overall the tax reform elevated common weekly hours of work by zero.4, which is about 2% of common working hours within the population. The plea for labour supply incentives via a change in income taxes is not new. In truth, in 2001 there was a tax reform in the Netherlands that had these options.

Leyster and her studio specialized in on a regular basis scenes, portraits of musicians, and self-portraits, which were a favourite subject amongst Dutch artists well before the Instagram era elevated selfies into an art kind. A number of these early “selfies,” reflective of how women artists of the period saw themselves, are on view in the NMWA present.

In different nations with a lot decrease charges of half-time work, this proportion is far greater (e.g. 15% in Germany and Denmark and 30% in France and Spain). An essential reason is that half-time jobs are rather more institutionalised within the Netherlands . Whereas part-time jobs are often marginal jobs in most countries, relatively excessive-skilled work may be done part-time in the Netherlands.

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The first of the 2, Judith Leyster, lived from 1609 till 1660, but painted practically all of her works between roughly 1629 and 1635, as a result of her marriage to fellow artist Jan Miense Molenaer the next 12 months. In addition to caring for the house and elevating their youngsters, she was known to fill her days managing the family’s business and properties, in addition to helping her husband in his artwork — leaving no time to paint works of her personal. But during her temporary career as a solo artist, she was capable of defy all odds and make a name for herself in her native metropolis of Haarlem and beyond.

Van Ours notes that if women increase their working hours, their duties within the household aren’t taken over by their partner. Figure 5 exhibits how hours of family work change with increasing hours of paid work by women whose male partners have a full-time job. Clearly, the burden of the extra dutch women paid working hours is not shared. For each further working hour, women cut back housekeeping by 33 minutes, whereas men improve housekeeping by solely 6 minutes. Taking care of children is an important purpose for part-time work for ladies.

We discover that the Dutch tax reform of 2001 elevated feminine labour pressure participation by about 3.5 share factors . This effect is mainly attributable to the shift from tax allowance to tax credit score, which made work much more financially engaging for women with a high-revenue companion. The impact of the modified marginal tax charges was small and insignificant.